Homens autores de homicídios femininos e feminicídios: análise de casos entre 2018 e 2019 na cidade de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil / Male perpetrators of female homicides and femicides: analysis of cases between 2018 and 2019 in the Campinas city, São Paulo, Brazil

Resumo A violência contra as mulheres em entornos domésticos e familiares tem raízes na desigualdade existente entre os gêneros. Estudos sobre autores de violência letal são necessários para uma compreensão ampliada do fenômeno. O objetivo do estudo é caracterizar os crimes dessa natureza e seus autores, mediante autópsias verbais realizadas com conhecidos e familiares de mulheres vítimas de homicídio na cidade de Campinas. No total, foram estudados 38 casos de homicídio feminino, dos quais 63,2% correspondem a feminicídios. A maioria dos responsáveis pelos crimes eram conhecidos (parceiros, cônjuges e namorados) nos casos de feminicídio, e desconhecidos (sujeitos cuja identidade foi ignorada) nos casos de homicídio feminino. As mortes ocorreram majoritariamente em entornos domésticos, sendo ocasionadas mediante o uso expressivo de violência e o emprego de objetos cortantes/perfurantes e armas de fogo. A fuga foi a conduta mais frequente depois da perpetração dos assassinatos. Os casos foram discutidos articulando intervenções voltadas para grupos reflexivos de masculinidade, centros de educação e reabilitação ou programas de recuperação, problematizando as dificuldades e ganhos no marco da Lei Maria da Penha.

Abstract Violence against women in domestic and family environments has its roots in the inequalities that exist between the genders. Studies on perpetrators of lethal violence are necessary for an expanded understanding of the phenomenon. This study aims to characterize the crimes of this nature and their perpetrators, with verbal autopsies carried out with acquaintances and relatives of women victims of homicide in Campinas. In total, we studied 38 cases of female homicide, of which 63.2% correspond to femicides. Most perpetrators were acquaintances (partners, spouses, and lovers) in the cases of feminicide, and not acquaintances (subjects whose identity was unknown) in the cases of female homicide. The deaths occurred mostly in domestic environments and were caused by the expressive use of violence and the use of sharp/perforating objects and firearms. Fleeing was the most frequent behavior after the perpetration of the murders. The cases are discussed articulating the interventions aimed at the reflexive groups of masculinities, educational and rehabilitation centers, or recovery programs, problematizing their difficulties and gains within the framework of Lei Maria da Penha.

Femicide in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil: Matched case-control study.

Amid the pandemic of violence against women, it is imperative to identify the contributing factors to lethal forms of violence against them. Femicides are the result of the intersection of variables that increase women's vulnerability. This study seeks to estimate the risk factors associated with death due to femicide in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. We considered sociodemographic variables, employment, exposure to violence, and psychoactive substance use. Our analysis employed conditional logistic regression. Using a case-control study design, we paired femicide cases with female controls from the general population, matching them by age and human development index, with a ratio of four controls per case. We analyzed 24 femicide cases and 96 controls. Women in the femicide group had lower educational attainment and were more likely to originate from outside the state of São Paulo. They predominantly held informal jobs, had experienced physical violence from intimate partners within the last 30 days, and exhibited higher alcohol, crack, and antidepressant consumption. Women in the femicide group reported more exposure to threats compared to those in the control group. Two variables significantly explained the likelihood of being a femicide case: a history of intimate partner violence in the last 30 days (OR 73.3, 95% CI: 8.1 to 661.7) and originating from outside the state of São Paulo (OR 6.5, 95% CI: 1.7 to 25.2). In this text, we discuss the findings and methodological challenges encountered in researching lethal violence against women.

Risk of Femicide and Quality of Life Assessment of Women Victims of Intimate Partner Violence in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.

Background: Violence against women is a public priority issue for epidemiological and public health sciences. Severe consequences of violence affect the quality of life of women victims. The objective of this study was to quantify the impact in the quality of life of the strengthening group in women victims of intimate partner violence who attend a reference violence center in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. Method: Quasi-experimental before and after the study was designed. The danger assessment and WHOQOL-BREF scales were applied at admission, after 3 and 6 months. Descriptive and statistical analysis of the variables was carried out to verify the difference between the measurements in the quality of life domains. Results: Seventy-eight victims of intimate partner violence participated in the study. The most prevalent violence was psychological (96.2%), physical (79.5%), and moral (67.7%). Three months after participating in the strengthening group, there was an improvement in the 4 domains of quality of life, significantly in the psychological (p=0.032) and physical (p=0.006) domains. More than half of the participants were classified at the extreme level of risk of femicide (51.3%). The study was stopped early because of the restrictions of the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: With the available data collected, the strengthening group proved to be a strategy that positively impacts the quality of life of women victims of intimate partner violence.

Analysis of femicide cases in Campinas, SP, Brazil, from 2018 to 2019 through the ecological model of violence. / Análise de casos de feminicídio em Campinas, SP, Brasil, entre 2018 e 2019 por meio do modelo ecológico da violência.

Lethal violence against women is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon in which a wide number of factors intersect and converge to make a femicide happen at a specific time and place. The main factors that contributed to the occurrence of femicides in the city of Campinas were identified from January 2018 to December 2019. Interviews were conducted with family members, friends, neighbors, witnesses, and health agents about 24 femicides using the verbal autopsy technique. The autopsies were supplemented, when possible, with information from the media and clinical autopsy reports. For the data analysis process, narratives of the cases were carried out, recovering the most important aspects of the verbal autopsies and organizing the factors found in the four levels of the ecological model of violence used by the World Health Organization: individual, relational, community, and social. The analysis was structured in categories following a deductive approach. Starting from particular cases delimited in time (2018 and 2019) and in space (municipality of Campinas) it is expected to understand the phenomenon of femicide in its broadest dimension.

A violência letal contra a mulher é um fenômeno complexo e multidimensional no qual interseccionam e confluem um amplo número de fatores para que aconteça um feminicídio em um momento e lugar específico. Identificaram-se os principais fatores que contribuíram na ocorrência de feminicídios na cidade de Campinas no período de janeiro de 2018 a dezembro de 2019. Foram feitas entrevistas com membros da família, amigos, vizinhos, testemunhas e agentes de saúde sobre 24 casos de feminicídio utilizando a técnica da autópsia verbal. As autópsias foram complementadas, quando possível, com informações veiculadas na mídia e informes de autópsia clínica. Para o processo de análise de dados, foram realizadas narrativas dos casos resgatando os aspectos mais importantes das autópsias verbais e organizando os fatores encontrados nos quatro níveis do modelo ecológico da violência utilizado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde: individual, relacional, comunitário e social. Estruturou-se a análise em categorias seguindo uma abordagem dedutiva. Partindo de casos particulares delimitados no tempo (2018 e 2019) e no espaço (a cidade de Campinas), espera-se compreender o fenômeno da violência letal contra as mulheres em sua dimensão mais ampla.

Análise de casos de feminicídio em Campinas, SP, Brasil, entre 2018 e 2019 por meio do modelo ecológico da violência / Analysis of femicide cases in Campinas, SP, Brazil, from 2018 to 2019 through the ecological model of violence

Resumo A violência letal contra a mulher é um fenômeno complexo e multidimensional no qual interseccionam e confluem um amplo número de fatores para que aconteça um feminicídio em um momento e lugar específico. Identificaram-se os principais fatores que contribuíram na ocorrência de feminicídios na cidade de Campinas no período de janeiro de 2018 a dezembro de 2019. Foram feitas entrevistas com membros da família, amigos, vizinhos, testemunhas e agentes de saúde sobre 24 casos de feminicídio utilizando a técnica da autópsia verbal. As autópsias foram complementadas, quando possível, com informações veiculadas na mídia e informes de autópsia clínica. Para o processo de análise de dados, foram realizadas narrativas dos casos resgatando os aspectos mais importantes das autópsias verbais e organizando os fatores encontrados nos quatro níveis do modelo ecológico da violência utilizado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde: individual, relacional, comunitário e social. Estruturou-se a análise em categorias seguindo uma abordagem dedutiva. Partindo de casos particulares delimitados no tempo (2018 e 2019) e no espaço (a cidade de Campinas), espera-se compreender o fenômeno da violência letal contra as mulheres em sua dimensão mais ampla.

Abstract Lethal violence against women is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon in which a wide number of factors intersect and converge to make a femicide happen at a specific time and place. The main factors that contributed to the occurrence of femicides in the city of Campinas were identified from January 2018 to December 2019. Interviews were conducted with family members, friends, neighbors, witnesses, and health agents about 24 femicides using the verbal autopsy technique. The autopsies were supplemented, when possible, with information from the media and clinical autopsy reports. For the data analysis process, narratives of the cases were carried out, recovering the most important aspects of the verbal autopsies and organizing the factors found in the four levels of the ecological model of violence used by the World Health Organization: individual, relational, community, and social. The analysis was structured in categories following a deductive approach. Starting from particular cases delimited in time (2018 and 2019) and in space (municipality of Campinas) it is expected to understand the phenomenon of femicide in its broadest dimension.

[Burning witches: feminism and intimate femicides by burning in a Brazilian metropolis]. / Queima às bruxas: feminismo e feminicídios íntimos por queimadura em uma metrópole brasileira.

Feminicide configured as the murder of women due to unequal power relations. It is a growing reality that generates problems and exposes unequal gender, ethnic, and class relationships that culminate in extreme violence and death. This paper analyzes three femicide cases by burning that occurred in Campinas (SP), Brazil, from 2018 to 2019. This is a qualitative study that employed the verbal autopsy method to collect information and narratives to describe the cases. The circumstances of the women's deaths were discussed, integrating in the discussion the concepts of feminism, the symbolic representation of fire, intersectionality, patriarchy, and its implications from the perspective of collective health.

O feminicídio se configura como assassinato de mulheres em decorrência das relações desiguais de poder. É uma realidade crescente, que gera agravos e expõe relações de gênero, raça e classe desiguais, que culminam em violência extrema e morte. Objetiva-se analisar três casos de feminicídio por queimaduras ocorridos na cidade de Campinas (SP) durante os anos de 2018-2019. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo que usou o método de autópsia verbal para o levantamento de informações e utilizou narrativas para descrever os casos. Foram discutidas as circunstâncias da morte das mulheres, integrando na discussão os conceitos de feminismos, a representação simbólica do fogo, a interseccionalidae, o patriarcado e suas implicações a partir do olhar da saúde coletiva.

Queima às bruxas: feminismo e feminicídios íntimos por queimadura em uma metrópole brasileira / Burning witches: feminism and intimate femicides by burning in a Brazilian metropolis

Resumo O feminicídio se configura como assassinato de mulheres em decorrência das relações desiguais de poder. É uma realidade crescente, que gera agravos e expõe relações de gênero, raça e classe desiguais, que culminam em violência extrema e morte. Objetiva-se analisar três casos de feminicídio por queimaduras ocorridos na cidade de Campinas (SP) durante os anos de 2018-2019. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo que usou o método de autópsia verbal para o levantamento de informações e utilizou narrativas para descrever os casos. Foram discutidas as circunstâncias da morte das mulheres, integrando na discussão os conceitos de feminismos, a representação simbólica do fogo, a interseccionalidae, o patriarcado e suas implicações a partir do olhar da saúde coletiva.

Abstract Feminicide configured as the murder of women due to unequal power relations. It is a growing reality that generates problems and exposes unequal gender, ethnic, and class relationships that culminate in extreme violence and death. This paper analyzes three femicide cases by burning that occurred in Campinas (SP), Brazil, from 2018 to 2019. This is a qualitative study that employed the verbal autopsy method to collect information and narratives to describe the cases. The circumstances of the women's deaths were discussed, integrating in the discussion the concepts of feminism, the symbolic representation of fire, intersectionality, patriarchy, and its implications from the perspective of collective health.

Occupational exposures and health-related quality of life in the Manaus Metropolitan Region, Amazonas State, Brazil: a cross-sectional study.

We aimed to investigate the association between occupational exposures and health-related quality of life among both informal and formal workers in the Brazilian Amazon. We conducted a cross-sectional study with working adults in the Manaus Metropolitan Region, Amazonas State, in 2015. Participants were selected through a three-step probabilistic sampling. The primary outcome was the health-related quality of life indicator, measured by the Brazilian validated version of the European Quality of Life 5-Dimensions 3-Levels (EQ-5D-3L) tool. Adjusted multivariate analysis was performed by Tobit regression and considered the complex sampling design. Results were converted to odds ratio (OR). Out of the 1,910 working individuals from the sample, 60.2% were formal workers. Informal workers were significantly more exposed to occupational risks than formal workers (p ≤ 0.05). Mean utility score for informal and formal workers was 0.886 (95%CI: 0.881; 0.890). Quality of life of informal workers was negatively impacted by exposure to noise (OR = 1.28; 95%CI: 1.13; 1.52), occupational stress (OR = 1.95; 95%CI: 1.65; 2.21), and industrial dust (OR = 1.46; 95%CI: 1.28; 1.72), while formal workers were negatively associated with exposure to chemical substances (OR = 1.58; 95%CI: 1.28; 1.87), noise (OR = 1.40; 95%CI: 1.23; 1.65), sun (OR = 1.65; 95%CI: 1.09; 1.40), occupational stress (OR = 1.65; 95%CI: 1.46; 1.87), biological material (OR = 2.61; 95%CI: 1.72; 3.97), and industrial dust (OR = 1.46; 95%CI: 1.28; 1.65). Exposure to occupational risks among workers from the Manaus Metropolitan Region was high, affecting both informal and formal workers. Brazilian policies need to be enforced to reduce the impacts on quality of life among workers in this region.

Occupational exposures and health-related quality of life in the Manaus Metropolitan Region, Amazonas State, Brazil: a cross-sectional study / Exposições ocupacionais e qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde na Região Metropolitana de Manaus, Estado do Amazonas, Brasil: um estudo transversal / Exposiciones ocupacionales y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en la región metropolitana de Manaus, estado del Amazonas, Brasil: estudio transversal

Abstract: We aimed to investigate the association between occupational exposures and health-related quality of life among both informal and formal workers in the Brazilian Amazon. We conducted a cross-sectional study with working adults in the Manaus Metropolitan Region, Amazonas State, in 2015. Participants were selected through a three-step probabilistic sampling. The primary outcome was the health-related quality of life indicator, measured by the Brazilian validated version of the European Quality of Life 5-Dimensions 3-Levels (EQ-5D-3L) tool. Adjusted multivariate analysis was performed by Tobit regression and considered the complex sampling design. Results were converted to odds ratio (OR). Out of the 1,910 working individuals from the sample, 60.2% were formal workers. Informal workers were significantly more exposed to occupational risks than formal workers (p ≤ 0.05). Mean utility score for informal and formal workers was 0.886 (95%CI: 0.881; 0.890). Quality of life of informal workers was negatively impacted by exposure to noise (OR = 1.28; 95%CI: 1.13; 1.52), occupational stress (OR = 1.95; 95%CI: 1.65; 2.21), and industrial dust (OR = 1.46; 95%CI: 1.28; 1.72), while formal workers were negatively associated with exposure to chemical substances (OR = 1.58; 95%CI: 1.28; 1.87), noise (OR = 1.40; 95%CI: 1.23; 1.65), sun (OR = 1.65; 95%CI: 1.09; 1.40), occupational stress (OR = 1.65; 95%CI: 1.46; 1.87), biological material (OR = 2.61; 95%CI: 1.72; 3.97), and industrial dust (OR = 1.46; 95%CI: 1.28; 1.65). Exposure to occupational risks among workers from the Manaus Metropolitan Region was high, affecting both informal and formal workers. Brazilian policies need to be enforced to reduce the impacts on quality of life among workers in this region.

Resumo: O estudo buscou investigar a associação entre exposições ocupacionais e qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde entre trabalhadores informais e formais na Amazônia brasileira. Realizamos um estudo transversal com trabalhadores adultos na Região Metropolitana de Manaus, Amazonas, em 2015. Os participantes foram selecionados por amostragem probabilística em três estágios. O desfecho primário foi a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde, medida pela versão brasileira validada do instrumento European Quality of Life 5-Dimensions 3-Levels (EQ-5D-3L). Foi realizada a análise multivariada ajustada por regressão de Tobit, considerando o desenho complexo da amostra. Os resultados foram convertidos em razão de chances (OR). Entre os 1.910 indivíduos na amostra que estavam trabalhando, 60,2% eram trabalhadores formais. Os trabalhadores informais foram mais expostos aos riscos ocupacionais (p ≤ 0,05). A média de utilidade para trabalhadores informais e formais foi 0,886 (IC95%: 0,881; 0,890). A qualidade de vida dos trabalhadores informais foi impactada negativamente pela exposição ao ruído (OR = 1,28; IC95%: 1,13; 1,52), estresse ocupacional (OR = 1,95; IC95%: 1,65; 2,21) e poeiras industriais (OR = 1,46; IC95%: 1,28; 1,72), enquanto trabalhadores formais mostraram uma associação negativa com exposição a substâncias químicas (OR = 1,58; IC95%: 1,28; 1,87), ruído (OR = 1,40; IC95%: 1,23; 1,65), luz solar (OR = 1,65; IC95%: 1,09; 1,40), estresse ocupacional (OR = 1,65; IC95%: 1,46; 1,87), material biológico (OR = 2,61; IC95%: 1,72; 3,97) e poeiras industriais (OR = 1,46; IC95%: 1,28; 1,65). A exposição a riscos ocupacionais entre trabalhadores na Região Metropolitana de Manaus é alta, afetando trabalhadores informais e formais. Políticas brasileiras devem ser implementadas para reduzir os impactos sobre a qualidade de vida dos trabalhadores nessa região do país.

Resumen: El objetivo era investigar la asociación entre exposiciones ocupacionales y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud entre trabajadores formales e informales en la Amazonia Brasileña. Realizamos un estudio transversal con trabajadores adultos en la región metropolitana de Manaus, estado del Amazonas, en 2015. Los participantes fueron seleccionados a través de una muestra probabilística en tres pasos. El resultado primario fue la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, medida por la versión brasileña validada de la herramienta European Quality of Life 5-Dimensions 3-Levels (EQ-5D-3L). Se realizó un análisis ajustado multivariado mediante la regresión Tobit y se consideró el diseño complejo de la muestra. Los resultados se convertieron en odds ratio (OR). De los 1.910 trabajadores procedentes de la muestra, un 60,2% fueron trabajadores formales. Los trabajadores informales estuvieron significativamente más expuestos a los riesgos ocupacionales que los trabajadores formales (p ≤ 0,05). La puntuación media de utilidad para los trabajadores informales y formales fue 0,886 (IC95%: 0,881; 0,890). La calidad de vida de los trabajadores informales estuvo negativamente impactada por la exposición al ruido (OR = 1,28; IC95%: 1,13; 1,52), estrés ocupacional (OR = 1,95; IC95%: 1,65; 2,21), y polvos industriales OR = 1,46; IC95%: 1,28; 1,72), mientras que los trabajadores formales estuvieron negativamente asociados con la exposición a sustancias químicas (OR = 1,58; IC95%: 1,28; 1,87), ruido (OR = 1,40; IC95%: 1,23; 1,65), sol (OR = 1,65; IC95%: 1,09; 1,40), estrés ocupacional (OR = 1,65; IC95%: 1,46; 1,87), material biológico (OR = 2,61; IC95%: 1,72; 3,97), y polvos industriales (OR = 1,46; IC95%: 1,28; 1,65). La exposición a riesgos ocupacionales entre trabajadores en la región metropolitana de Manaus es alta, afectando tanto a trabajadores informales como formales. Se necesitan imponer políticas brasileñas para reducir los impactos en la calidad de vida entre trabajadores en esta región.

Inequity in utilizing health services in the Brazilian Amazon: A population-based survey, 2015.

BACKGROUND: Although Brazil has a public and universal healthcare system, utilization of health services is marked by social and regional discrepancies. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and factors associated with underutilization of healthcare services in the Brazilian Amazon. METHOD: Cross-sectional, population-based study. Adults aged over 18 years old were selected through probabilistic sampling. Underutilization of healthcare services was defined as never seeing a physician or a dentist. Poisson regression with robust variance was performed to calculate prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A complex sample design was considered. RESULTS: A total of 4001 individuals were included, of which 419 (10.4%; 95% CI, 9.5-11.4%) never visited a physician or a dentist. In the adjusted analysis, underutilization was higher among poorer people (PR = 3.32; 95% CI, 2.16-5.11), men (PR = 1.34; 95% CI, 1.10-1.65), people with brown skin color (Brazilian mixed race; PR = 1.34; 95% CI, 1.02-1.76), and people who are separated (PR = 1.40; 95% CI, 1.01-1.94) and widowed (PR = 1.55; 95% CI, 1.02-2.37), when compared with the reference categories. Individuals with informal jobs, those who are retired, students/housewives, and unemployed people were more vulnerable to underutilization than formal workers (P < .04). CONCLUSION: Underutilization of healthcare services occurs in one-tenth of adults in Manaus Metropolitan Region and is associated with social and economic inequities.

[Femicides in the city of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil]. / Femicídios na cidade de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil.

Femicide is the intentional killing of a woman or girl on account of her gender. The term allows differentiating crimes of gender violence from murders of women in other circumstances. The aim of this study is to characterize femicides, sometimes called feminicides, that occurred in 2015 in Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil. The information was obtained from death certificates of city residents whose underlying cause of death had been classified as external cause. Semi-structured interviews were held by applying the verbal autopsy method, and femicides were classified as: intimate partner, non-intimate partner, and by connection. In the year 2015 there were 582 deaths from external causes, 185 of which were homicides, and 26 (14.1%) of the latter were females. Of these, 19 were classified as femicides. Victims' mean age was 31.5 years (standard deviation 7.18). The majority of the women were white (47.4%), had complete primary schooling (52.6%), single (63.2%), and with children (84.2%). The deaths generally occurred by highly violent mechanisms in the form of physical and sexual aggression. The murders were perpetrated in the victim's domicile with cold steel weapons or firearms, with extreme violence, motivated mainly by the victim's desire for separation, jealousy, and misunderstanding with the aggressor. The mortality coefficient for femicide was 3.2 per 100,000 women in 2015, corresponding to one death for every 31,250 women that year. The study's results show that femicide in Campinas is the main category of murders of women. The consequences of this type of violence are enormous in terms of human rights violations.

O femicídio é a morte intencional de uma mulher pelo fato de ser mulher. O termo permite diferenciar os crimes por violência de gênero dos homicídios de mulheres em outras circunstâncias. O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar os femicídios, também chamados feminicídios, que ocorreram em 2015 em Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil. Foram tomadas como fonte de informação as declarações de óbitos de residentes da cidade cuja causa básica do óbito foi classificada como causa externa. Entrevistas semiestruturadas foram realizadas aplicando-se o método de autópsia verbal, e, classificados os casos de femicídio como: íntimo, não íntimo e por conexão. No ano de 2015, foram recebidas 582 declarações de óbitos por causas externas, 185 corresponderam a homicídios, sendo 26 (14,1%) femininos. Dentre esses, 19 foram classificados como femicídio. A média de idade das vítimas foi de 31,5 anos (desvio padrão 7,18 anos). A maioria correspondeu a mulheres brancas (47,4%), com Ensino Fundamental (52,6%), solteiras (63,2%), com filhos (84,2%). As mortes, em geral, ocorreram por mecanismos altamente violentos, na forma de agressão física e sexual. Os assassinatos foram perpetrados no domicílio da vítima, com arma branca ou de fogo, com expressiva violência, motivados, principalmente, pelo desejo de separação da vítima, ciúmes e desentendimento com o agressor. Em Campinas, o coeficiente de mortalidade por femicídio foi de 3,2 por 100 mil mulheres em 2015, o que correspondeu à morte de uma em cada 31.250 mulheres no ano. Os resultados da pesquisa permitem ver que o femicídio na cidade é a principal categoria entre os homicídios femininos. As consequências desse tipo de violência são consideráveis em termos de violação de direitos humanos. Este estudo auxilia a compreensão das motivações e consequências da violência contra a mulher e contribui para uma melhor visibilidade sobre o tema.

El feminicidio es la muerte intencional de una mujer por el hecho de ser mujer. El término permite diferenciar los crímenes por violencia de género de los homicidios de mujeres en otras circunstancias. El objetivo de este trabajo es caracterizar los feminicidios que se produjeron en 2015 en Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil. Se tomó como fuente de información las declaraciones de óbitos de residentes de la ciudad, cuya causa básica del fallecimiento fue clasificada como causa externa. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas aplicando el método de autopsia verbal y clasificando los casos de feminicidio como: íntimo, no íntimo y por conexión. Durante el año 2015 se recibieron 582 declaraciones de óbito por causas externas, 185 correspondieron a homicidios, siendo 26 (14,1%) femeninos. Entre ellos, 19 se clasificaron como feminicidio. La media de edad de las víctimas fue 31,5 años (desviación estándar 7,18 años). La mayoría correspondió a mujeres blancas (47,4%), con enseñanza fundamental (52,6%), solteras (63,2%), con hijos (84,2%). Las muertes, en general, se produjeron por mecanismos altamente violentos, en forma de agresión física y sexual. Los asesinatos los perpetraron en el domicilio de la víctima con arma blanca o de fuego, con manifiesta violencia, motivados principalmente por el deseo de separación de la víctima, celos o disputas con el agresor. En Campinas, el coeficiente de mortalidad por feminicidio fue de 3,2 por cada 100.000 mujeres en 2015, lo que correspondió a la muerte de una de cada 31.250 mujeres al año. Los resultados de la investigación permiten observar que el feminicidio en la ciudad es la principal categoría entre los homicidios femeninos. Las consecuencias de este tipo de violencia son considerables en términos de violación de derechos humanos.

Descripción anatómica, clínica y sobrevida de los pacientes con atresia pulmonar que han sido llevados a angioplastia con stent en el ductus arterioso persistente en el periodo 2009-2014 / Anatomical and clinical description and survival of patients with pulmonary atresia subjected to angioplasty with ductal stent in the period 2009-2014

Resumen Objetivo: describir las características anatómicas, la evolución clínica y la sobrevida de los pacientes con atresia pulmonar que han sido llevados a angioplastia con stent en ductus arterioso persistente y determinar si existen diferencias significativas en la saturación al inicio y final del procedimiento y a las 6, 12 y 24 horas posprocedimiento. Materiales y métodos: estudio analítico, descriptivo tipo cohorte. La población de estudio se tomó de las bases de datos del servicio de Cardiología pediátrica de una institución especializada en la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia. Se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de atresia pulmonar sometidos a angioplastia, en tanto que se excluyeron aquellos con cirugía cardiovascular previa. El análisis estadístico se realizó en STATA® 12,0, mediante estadística descriptiva, curvas de Kaplan-Meier y ANOVA de medidas repetidas. Resultados: se identificaron 237 pacientes con atresia pulmonar. Se seleccionaron 30 de los cuales se excluyeron 5. En total se construyó una cohorte de 25 pacientes que fueron llevados a angioplastia, 52% con atresia pulmonar con comunicación interventricular. Edad promedio 12,2 días, peso 2.698 g, diámetro del DAP 3,8 mm (DE = 1,1), índice de McGoon media 1,35. El implante del stent fue exitoso en todos los pacientes; sin embargo 2 fallecieron en la sala de procedimientos y uno durante las 6 horas siguientes. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron paro cardiorrespiratorio (n = 2), trombosis del stent (n = 2) y bacteriemia (n = 2). La mortalidad a 30 días fue del 28% (n = 7); durante el tiempo total fue del 36% (n = 9). Por medio del ANOVA no se encontraron diferencias significativas en los promedios de saturación en los cinco tiempos de interés. Conclusiones: la atresia pulmonar es una patología compleja que requiere intervención invasiva para el mantenimiento de la capacidad circulatoria de los pacientes. Este estudio muestra que a pesar de una intervención efectiva, la mortalidad a los 30 días es elevada. No se encontraron diferencias en los tiempos de saturación, lo que sugiere que mantiene la saturación de los pacientes de una forma no distinta que con la prostaglandina E (PGE1) pero garantiza la permeabilidad del ductus.

Abstract Objective: the aim of this study is to describe the anatomical characteristics, the clinical progression, and survival of patients with pulmonary atresia subjected to angioplasty with a stent in patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and to determine if there are significant difference in the saturation at the beginning and the end of the procedure, and at 6, 12, and 24 hours after the procedure. Materials and methods: An analytical and descriptive cohort study was conducted on a population taken from the database of a Paediatric Cardiology Department of a specialised institution in the city of Bogota, Colombia. Patients with pulmonary atresia subjected to angioplasty were included, and those with previous cardiovascular were excluded. The statistical analysis was performed using STATA® 12.0, by means of descriptive statistics, Kaplan-Meier curves and repeated measurements ANOVA. Results: A total of 237 patients with pulmonary atresia were identified. Of the 30 that were selected, 5 were excluded, leaving a total of 25 patients that were subjected to angioplasty. Interventricular communication was observed in 52%. The mean age was 12.2 days, with a mean weight of 2.698 g, a mean PDA diameter of 3.8 mm (SD = 1.1), and a mean McGoon index of 1.35. Although the stent implant was successful in all patients, two died in the procedures room, and another one during the following 6 hours. The most common complications were, cardiorespiratory arrest in 2 patients, thrombosis of the stent in 2, and bacteraemia in two patients. The mortality at 30 days was 28% (7), and 36% (9) during the total time. Using ANOVA, no significant differences were found in the saturation means at the five times of interest. Conclusions: Pulmonary atresia is a complicated condition that requires invasive intervention in order to maintain the circulatory capacity of the patients. This study shows that, despite an effective intervention, the 30-day mortality is elevated. No differences were, found in the saturation times, which suggest that saturation is maintained in the patients in a way not unlike that with prostaglandin E (PGE1), but ensures the patency of the ductus.

Femicídios na cidade de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil / Femicides in the city of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil / Feminicidios en la ciudad de Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brasil

O femicídio é a morte intencional de uma mulher pelo fato de ser mulher. O termo permite diferenciar os crimes por violência de gênero dos homicídios de mulheres em outras circunstâncias. O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar os femicídios, também chamados feminicídios, que ocorreram em 2015 em Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil. Foram tomadas como fonte de informação as declarações de óbitos de residentes da cidade cuja causa básica do óbito foi classificada como causa externa. Entrevistas semiestruturadas foram realizadas aplicando-se o método de autópsia verbal, e, classificados os casos de femicídio como: íntimo, não íntimo e por conexão. No ano de 2015, foram recebidas 582 declarações de óbitos por causas externas, 185 corresponderam a homicídios, sendo 26 (14,1%) femininos. Dentre esses, 19 foram classificados como femicídio. A média de idade das vítimas foi de 31,5 anos (desvio padrão 7,18 anos). A maioria correspondeu a mulheres brancas (47,4%), com Ensino Fundamental (52,6%), solteiras (63,2%), com filhos (84,2%). As mortes, em geral, ocorreram por mecanismos altamente violentos, na forma de agressão física e sexual. Os assassinatos foram perpetrados no domicílio da vítima, com arma branca ou de fogo, com expressiva violência, motivados, principalmente, pelo desejo de separação da vítima, ciúmes e desentendimento com o agressor. Em Campinas, o coeficiente de mortalidade por femicídio foi de 3,2 por 100 mil mulheres em 2015, o que correspondeu à morte de uma em cada 31.250 mulheres no ano. Os resultados da pesquisa permitem ver que o femicídio na cidade é a principal categoria entre os homicídios femininos. As consequências desse tipo de violência são consideráveis em termos de violação de direitos humanos. Este estudo auxilia a compreensão das motivações e consequências da violência contra a mulher e contribui para uma melhor visibilidade sobre o tema.

Femicide is the intentional killing of a woman or girl on account of her gender. The term allows differentiating crimes of gender violence from murders of women in other circumstances. The aim of this study is to characterize femicides, sometimes called feminicides, that occurred in 2015 in Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil. The information was obtained from death certificates of city residents whose underlying cause of death had been classified as external cause. Semi-structured interviews were held by applying the verbal autopsy method, and femicides were classified as: intimate partner, non-intimate partner, and by connection. In the year 2015 there were 582 deaths from external causes, 185 of which were homicides, and 26 (14.1%) of the latter were females. Of these, 19 were classified as femicides. Victims' mean age was 31.5 years (standard deviation 7.18). The majority of the women were white (47.4%), had complete primary schooling (52.6%), single (63.2%), and with children (84.2%). The deaths generally occurred by highly violent mechanisms in the form of physical and sexual aggression. The murders were perpetrated in the victim's domicile with cold steel weapons or firearms, with extreme violence, motivated mainly by the victim's desire for separation, jealousy, and misunderstanding with the aggressor. The mortality coefficient for femicide was 3.2 per 100,000 women in 2015, corresponding to one death for every 31,250 women that year. The study's results show that femicide in Campinas is the main category of murders of women. The consequences of this type of violence are enormous in terms of human rights violations.

El feminicidio es la muerte intencional de una mujer por el hecho de ser mujer. El término permite diferenciar los crímenes por violencia de género de los homicidios de mujeres en otras circunstancias. El objetivo de este trabajo es caracterizar los feminicidios que se produjeron en 2015 en Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil. Se tomó como fuente de información las declaraciones de óbitos de residentes de la ciudad, cuya causa básica del fallecimiento fue clasificada como causa externa. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas aplicando el método de autopsia verbal y clasificando los casos de feminicidio como: íntimo, no íntimo y por conexión. Durante el año 2015 se recibieron 582 declaraciones de óbito por causas externas, 185 correspondieron a homicidios, siendo 26 (14,1%) femeninos. Entre ellos, 19 se clasificaron como feminicidio. La media de edad de las víctimas fue 31,5 años (desviación estándar 7,18 años). La mayoría correspondió a mujeres blancas (47,4%), con enseñanza fundamental (52,6%), solteras (63,2%), con hijos (84,2%). Las muertes, en general, se produjeron por mecanismos altamente violentos, en forma de agresión física y sexual. Los asesinatos los perpetraron en el domicilio de la víctima con arma blanca o de fuego, con manifiesta violencia, motivados principalmente por el deseo de separación de la víctima, celos o disputas con el agresor. En Campinas, el coeficiente de mortalidad por feminicidio fue de 3,2 por cada 100.000 mujeres en 2015, lo que correspondió a la muerte de una de cada 31.250 mujeres al año. Los resultados de la investigación permiten observar que el feminicidio en la ciudad es la principal categoría entre los homicidios femeninos. Las consecuencias de este tipo de violencia son considerables en términos de violación de derechos humanos.

Generalized anxiety disorder and associated factors in adults in the Amazon, Brazil: A population-based study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in adults using the seven-item GAD scale (GAD-7) and to evaluate the properties of the two-item (GAD-2) as a population screening tool. METHODS: We carried out a cross-sectional population-based study in the Manaus Metropolitan Region in 2015, Brazil. Adults aged 18 years or more were eligible to participate. We performed probabilistic three-phase sampling and collected sociodemographic and clinical variables. Descriptive statistics and a Poisson regression with robust variance with corrections for complex sampling were used. The accuracy of GAD-2 was assessed using GAD-7 as the gold standard. RESULTS: We included 4001 participants. The prevalence of GAD was 8.4% (95% confidence interval 7.6-9.4%) and was significantly associated with self-reported poor health status and presenting depressive symptoms (p < 0.01). GAD-2 sensitivity was 63.9%, and its specificity was 97.4%. LIMITATIONS: Because of the cross-sectional design of the study, the results are prone to reverse causality and recall bias. The surveyed people were not questioned about their medical diagnosis of anxiety, access to mental health services, or alcohol, tobacco or other drug use. The screening tools were not validated in the Brazilian or Amazon population. CONCLUSION: About eight in 100 adults living in Manaus presented GAD, and it is more prevalent among people with a poorer health status and depression. Because of its low sensitivity, GAD-2 is not useful as a screening tool.

Health-related quality of life in the Brazilian Amazon: a population-based cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: To analyze perceptions of health-related quality of life and associated factors in populations from the Manaus Metropolitan Region. METHODS: We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study from May to August 2015. Adults aged 18 years and older were selected using probabilistic three-phase cluster sampling and stratified by sex and age, based on official estimates. Quality of life data were collected using the European Quality of Life 5-Dimensions 3-Levels (EQ-5D-3L) along with socioeconomic, demographic, and health perception data. Utility scores were calculated using the Brazilian version of the EQ-5D-3L. Descriptive statistics were derived, and a multivariate Tobit regression model with correction for complex sampling was performed to identify the variables that influence utility levels. RESULTS: A total of 4001 participants were included. The average utility score was 0.886 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.881-0.890) with significant differences according to living area (the capital (0.882 ± 0.144) or inner cities (0.908 ± 0.122; p < 0.001)). The dimension for which the highest proportion of people reported moderate to severe problems was pain/discomfort (39%), followed by anxiety/depression (18%). Men had a higher quality of life than women (ß = 0.041, p < 0.001). Not working was a factor that increased quality of life compared with being formally employed (ß = 0.031, p = 0.037). The poorest people had a lower quality of life than the richest people (ß = -0.118, p < 0.001). Better health perceptions increased utility scores (p < 0.001), while being separated decreased the scores (ß = -0.052, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Health-related quality of life in the Manaus Metropolitan Region was high, as expected for the general population, and was higher among individuals who lived in the inner cities, men and those in higher social classes. Gender discrepancies and differences in quality of life between the capital and inner cities should be further investigated.

Prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms among adults living in the Amazon, Brazil: A population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Depression is an affective disorder and one of the main contributors to the burden of disease worldwide. Our purpose is to estimate the prevalence of depressive symptoms and associated factors in the population of the Manaus Metropolitan Region. METHODS: We conducted a population-based, cross-sectional study with a probabilistic three-phase sampling in 2015, based on a previously calculated sample size. Adults living in Manaus and seven inner cities of the metropolitan region were surveyed for depressive symptoms using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and a cutoff score of ≥ 9. We performed a Poisson regression with robust variance using a hierarchical approach to calculate the prevalence ratio (PR) of depression and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Among 4001 participants (response rate 76%), the prevalence of current depressive symptoms was 7% (95% CI: 6-8%). Depressive symptoms were more frequent in inhabitants of Manaus than in those from the countryside (PR = 6.13, 95% CI: 2.91-12.91); in women than in men (PR = 2.55, 95% CI: 1.96-3.33); in indigenous than in white people (PR = 2.56, 95% CI: 1.24-5.30); and in those with hypertension (PR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.13-1.92), cardiac disease (PR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.12-2.33), and poor health status (fair: PR = 5.10, 95% CI: 2.50-10.37; bad: PR = 10.27, 95% CI: 4.92-21.44 very bad: PR = 21.14, CI 95%: 10.16-43.99). High school education (PR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.32-0.95) and middle class economic status (PR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.12-0.89) were protective factors. LIMITATIONS: Limitations include the lack of measurement of physical activity, religious beliefs, leisure time, and use of alcohol and other drugs since these factors can affect depression and health status. CONCLUSION: Seven out of every 100 adults from the Manaus Metropolitan Region have depressive symptoms. This rate is higher in women, individuals living in Manaus, indigenous people, people with hypertension or chronic cardiac disease, and those with a poor health status.

Participación de estudiantes de pregrado de medicina en revistas médicas y académicas colombianas indexadas en Publindex, categorías A1 y A2, en el período 2009-2012: revisión sistemática de la literatura / Participation of undergraduate medicine students in medical and academic Colombian journals indexed in Publindex, categories A1 and A2, in the period 2009-2012: a systematic review of the literature

Antecedentes. La formación en investigación se clasifica en investigación formativa y en investigación científica. Por medio de su aplicación se definen los problemas relevantes de investigación y se genera nuevo conocimiento. Las instituciones académicas superiores vinculan a los estudiantes de pregrado de medicina con el fin de integrarlos a los procesos académicos investigativos, fomentando sus habilidades para convertirse luego en investigadores formales. Sin embargo, no existe información en Colombia sobre la participación de estudiantes de medicina en las publicaciones de revistas indexadas. Objetivo. Evaluar el nivel de participación de estudiantes de pregrado en publicaciones de revistas médicas y académicas colombianas indexadas en las categorías A1 y A2 del sistema Publindex de Colciencias. Materiales y métodos. Revisión sistemática cualitativa de la literatura. Se incluyeron las revistas médicas que hacen parte del índice Publindex de Colciencias, clasificadas en la categoría A1, las dos revistas A2 con mayor índice de impacto, las 2 revistas con mayor número de visitas en la base de datos SciELO y dos revistas académicas que incluyeran estudiantes de pregrado de la carrera de medicina. Se evaluó la participación de estudiantes de pregrado en manuscritos publicados por revista evaluada, el tipo de diseños epidemiológicos mayormente empleados, las áreas de conocimiento donde han participado estudiantes de pregrado y la afiliación académica de los estudiantes. Resultados. Las revistas evaluadas fueron: Biomédica, Colombia médica, Revista de Salud Pública y Revista colombiana de psiquiatría, en la categoría A1; Revista colombiana de anestesiología, Revista gerencia y políticas en Salud, Revista colombiana de obstetricia y ginecología, Revista colombiana de gastroenterología, Iatreia y Revista de la Facultad de Medicina, en la categoría A2. Se evaluaron 1738 artículos con participación de 7212 autores, 122 de los cuales (7,02%) cuentan con participación de estudiantes de pregrado. El diseño epidemiológico más utilizado por los estudiantes de pregrado fue el de corte transversal (33,6%). Las universidades con mayor porcentaje de participación de estudiantes fueron: la Universidad de Antioquia (22,95%), la Universidad Nacional de Colombia (10,66%) y la Universidad del Valle (10,66%). Conclusiones. Se evidencia que la participación de estudiantes de pregrado en las revistas médicas y académicas, en general, es baja (7,02%) en los procesos de investigación científica. Se espera que las revistas y las instituciones superiores fortalezcan sus procesos para motivar los estudiantes a vincularse a procesos investigativos desde etapas tempranas de la formación, dada la importancia de la investigación en salud para los profesionales desde el rol de consumidores y generadores de conocimiento.

Background. Training in research divides in formative research and scientific research. Its application defines relevant research problems and generate new knowledge. Superior academic institutions link undergraduate medicine students to integrate them into the academic research processes; these processes encourage skills to become developers. However, there is no information in Colombia about the participation of medicine students in indexed journal publications. Objective. To evaluate the level of participation of undergraduate students in medical journals and academic Colombian publications indexed in A1 and A2 categories of Colciencias's Publindex system. Materials and methods. Qualitative systematic review of literature. The research involved medical journals indexed at Colciencias's Publindex system, qualified in category A1, two A2 journals with the highest impact index, two journals with the highest number of visits in the SciELO database and two academic journals including undergraduate medicine students. The evaluation included the participation of undergraduate students in published manuscripts of the journals evaluated, the type of epidemiological designs mostly employees, knowledge areas where undergraduate students have participated and the students' academic affiliation. Results. The journals evaluated were: Biomédica, Colombia médica, Revista de Salud Pública and Revista colombiana de psiquiatría, in A1 category; Revista colombiana de anestesiología, Revista gerencia y políticas en Salud, Revista colombiana de obstetricia y ginecología, Revista colombiana de gastroenterología, Iatreia and Revista de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional, in A2 category. The evaluation took 1738 items, involving 7212 authors, 122 (7.02%) with undergraduate participation. The most commonly used epidemiological design for undergraduates was the cross section (33.6%). Universities with the highest percentage of student's participation were the Universidad de Antioquia (22.95%), Universidad Nacional de Colombia (10.66%) and the Universidad del Valle (10.66%). Conclusions. The participation of undergraduate students in academic medical and academic journals is generally low (7.02%) in the processes of scientific research. It is expected that journals and higher education institutions strengthen their processes to motivate students to link to research processes from early stages of training, because health research is very important for professionals in the role of consumers and producers of knowledge.